Umuntu yagufashe amajwi rwihishwa: Ese ashobora kuyakoresha mu rukiko?

Yanditswe na: MUNYANDINDA J. Bosco

Tekereza uri kuganira n’umuntu ku mwenda, ku masezerano, ku makimbirane yo mu kazi cyangwa ku kindi kibazo mufitanye. Ikiganiro kirarangiye, nyuma y’iminsi mike ukamenya ko uwo mwaganiraga yafashe amajwi y’ibyo mwavuganye atabikubwiye. Igitangaje kurushaho, akayashyikiriza urukiko kugira ngo ayakoreshe nk’ikimenyetso kigushinja.

Ese yari afite uburenganzira bwo kugufata amajwi atabikubwiye? Kuba amajwi yarafashwe rwihishwa bituma atemerwa mu rukiko? Ese kuba agaragaza ukuri birahagije kugira ngo umucamanza ayashingireho?

Mu mategeko y’u Rwanda, igisubizo ntigishingira gusa ku kuba amajwi yarafashwe rwihishwa. Hagomba gusuzumwa uburyo yafashwe, amategeko arengera ubuzima bwite, amategeko agenga ibimenyetso n’agaciro ayo majwi afite mu kugaragaza ukuri.

Ese gufata amajwi y’umuntu atabizi byemewe n’amategeko?

Itegeko nº 058/2021 ryerekeye kurinda amakuru bwite n’imibereho bwite by’umuntu rirengera amakuru ashobora gutuma umuntu amenyekana. Ijwi ry’umuntu rishobora kuba amakuru bwite iyo rishobora gutuma amenyekana. Gufata ayo majwi, kuyabika, kuyakoresha cyangwa kuyasangiza abandi bishobora rero kugengwa n’amategeko arengera amakuru bwite, bitewe n’imiterere y’igikorwa n’aho iryo tegeko rikoreshwa.

Icyakora, hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati yo gufata amajwi y’ikiganiro umuntu ubwe arimo no gushyira igikoresho gifata amajwi ahantu kugira ngo yumve ibiganiro by’abandi atabirimo. Urugero, umuntu ashobora gufata amajwi y’ikiganiro arimo agamije kubika ibimenyetso by’ibikangisho ashyirwaho. Undi ashobora gushyira igikoresho mu biro by’abandi kugira ngo yumve ibiganiro byabo rwihishwa. N’ubwo muri ibyo bihe byombi amajwi yafashwe nta ruhushya rw’abandi, ibibazo by’amategeko bivuka ntibiba bimwe.

Kuba umuntu ataratanze uruhushya rwo gufatwa amajwi ntibihita byemeza, mu bihe byose, ko habaye icyaha cyangwa ko ayo majwi yabonetse mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Ni ngombwa kureba amategeko akurikizwa, impamvu yafashwe, uburyo yafashwe n’icyo yakoreshejwe.

Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso avuga iki ku majwi yafashwe rwihishwa?

Itegeko nº 062/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso ribuza gushaka ibimenyetso hakoreshejwe iyicarubozo, ibikorwa bitesha agaciro umuntu, uburiganya cyangwa ubundi buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Ibi bisobanura ko umuntu udashobora kwitwaza ko ashaka ikimenyetso kugira ngo akoreshe uburyo bubujijwe n’amategeko.

Ku rundi ruhande, iri tegeko riteganya iyemerwa n’agaciro by’inyandiko koranabuhanga, rikagaragaza akamaro ko kuba ikimenyetso cyarabonetse mu buryo butanyuranyije n’amategeko. Bityo, amajwi abitswe mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga ashobora gutangwa nk’ikimenyetso, ariko kuyatanga ntibihita bisobanura ko urukiko rugomba kuyemera cyangwa kuyashingiraho icyemezo. Urukiko rubanza gusuzuma niba uburyo ayo majwi yabonetse bunyuranyije n’amategeko, ndetse n’ibindi bisabwa kugira ngo ikimenyetso cyemerwe.

Ese kuba amajwi agaragaza ukuri bihagije kugira ngo yemerwe?

Ukuri kw’ibyumvikana mu majwi yafashwe ni ikintu gikomeye, ariko si ko konyine kugena iyemerwa n’agaciro by’ikimenyetso. Urukiko rushobora gusuzuma inkomoko y’amajwi (Ni nde wayafashe, yayafashe ryari kandi mu buhe buryo?); umwimerere wayo (Ese amajwi aruzuye, cyangwa hari ibice byaciwemo, byahinduwe cyangwa byongewemo?); uwo yumvikanisha (Ese hari ibimenyetso byemeza ko ijwi ari iry’umuntu uvugwa?) Uburyo yabonetse (Ese hari itegeko ryarenzweho mu kuyafata?); n’isano afitanye n’urubanza (Ese ibyo amajwi arimo bifasha kugaragaza ukuri ku kibazo kiburanwa?)

Itegeko nº 062/2024 riteganya gusuzuma umwimerere w’inyandiko koranabuhanga n’ubudakemwa bwayo. Iyo hari impaka ku kuba amajwi yarahinduwe cyangwa ku muntu uvugamo, hashobora gukenerwa isuzuma ry’impuguke, hashingiwe ku miterere y’ikibazo. Bityo, amajwi ashobora kuba yarafashwe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, ariko agahabwa agaciro gake cyangwa ntahabwe agaciro kubera ko umwimerere wayo cyangwa ukuri kw’ibiyumvikanamo bidashimangiwe.

Ese ufite uburenganzira bwo gufata amajwi kugira ngo uzayakoreshe mu rukiko?

Umuntu ashobora gufata amajwi agamije kugaragaza ko yatewe ubwoba, ko hari uwamwatse ruswa cyangwa ko hari amasezerano atarubahirijwe. Ariko kuba agamije kurengera uburenganzira bwe ntibimuha uburenganzira bwo kurenga ku mategeko mu gushaka ibimenyetso. Ni na ko bimeze ku gukoresha amajwi nyuma yo kuyafata.

Kuyashyikiriza urukiko kugira ngo akoreshwe mu rubanza no kuyakwirakwiza ku mbuga nkoranyambaga ni ibikorwa bitandukanye, bishobora kugira ingaruka zitandukanye mu mategeko. Itegeko nº 058/2021 riteganya ko uburenganzira bwo gusaba gusiba amakuru bwite bugira irengayobora iyo gutunganya ayo makuru bikenewe mu gutanga ikirego, kugikurikirana cyangwa kucyireguraho. Ariko iryo rengayobora ntirisobanura ko uburyo bwose bwo kubona ayo makuru bwemewe.

Inkiko z’u Rwanda zavuze iki ku kibazo cy’amajwi yafashwe rwihishwa?

Mu bushakashatsi twakoze, ntiturabona urubanza rwakemuye mu buryo bweruye ikibazo cy’amajwi yafashwe n’umwe mu baganiraga, undi atabizi. Gusa, ibi ntibisobanura ko nta rubanza nk’urwo rwigeze rucibwa. Bisobanura ko kugeza ubu tutarabona icyemezo cy’urukiko dushobora kwifashisha nk’umurongo wemejwe ku kibazo cyihariye turi kuganiraho. Icyakora, hari urubanza rwo mu kindi gihugu cyo mu Karere rushobora kudufasha gusobanukirwa uko icyo kibazo cyasuzumwe.

Mu rubanza “Chitembwe v Tribunal Appointed to Investigate into the Conduct of Justice”, rwaciwe ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2023, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kenya rwasuzumye ikibazo cy’amajwi n’amashusho yafashwe mu ibanga. Muri urwo rubanza, hari amajwi n’amashusho yafashwe mu biganiro byari byitabiriwe n’abantu barimo abayafashe. Habaye impaka ku kuba ayo majwi yarafashwe mu buryo bwabangamiye uburenganzira ku buzima bwite, hibazwa niba yarashoboraga kwemerwa nk’ibimenyetso.

Mu isesengura, hemejwe ko ayo majwi yafatwa nk’ikimenyetso hamaze kugaragazwa ibintu bine by’ingenzi: kuba amajwi yarafashwe n’uwari mu kiganiro, kuba abaganiraga baravugaga ku bushake, kuba uwafashe amajwi yarashoboraga gutanga ubuhamya ku buryo yayafashe, no kuba yari afite agaciro gakomeye mu kugaragaza ukuri. Iri sesengura ritwereka ko, mu mategeko ya Kenya, gufata amajwi rwihishwa bitavuze ko agomba guhita yangwa nk’ikimenyetso. Ariko uyu si umurongo utegeka inkiko z’u Rwanda. Ni urugero rwo kugereranya amategeko (comparative jurisprudence), rushobora gufasha mu bushakashatsi ariko ntirusimbura amategeko y’u Rwanda.

Wakora iki umenye ko umuntu yagufashe amajwi rwihishwa?

Niba umenye ko hari uwafashe amajwi yawe utabizi, ni ngombwa kubanza kumenya uko yafashwe n’icyo yakoreshejwe. Niba ayo majwi yaratanzwe mu rukiko, ushobora kugaragaza impamvu zituma uyamagana, cyane cyane iyo ukeka ko yabonetse mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, ko yahinduwe cyangwa ko atagaragaza neza ikiganiro cyabaye. Ushobora kandi gusaba ko hasuzumwa umwimerere wayo cyangwa ko hakorwa isuzuma ry’impuguke igihe bikenewe.

Niba amajwi yawe yakwirakwijwe mu buryo bushobora kubangamira ubuzima bwawe bwite, ushobora kwifashisha uburenganzira buteganywa n’amategeko arengera amakuru bwite, bitewe n’imiterere y’ikibazo. Muri ubwo burenganzira harimo kwamagana ikoreshwa ryayo no gusaba ko asibwa.

**Umusozo: **Umuntu wafashe amajwi y’ikiganiro rwihishwa ashobora kuyatanga mu rukiko, ariko ibyo ntibisobanura ko urukiko rugomba guhita ruyemera cyangwa ngo ruyashingireho. Kugeza ubu, ntiturabona umurongo w’urukiko rw’u Rwanda wakemuye mu buryo bweruye ikibazo cy’amajwi yafashwe n’umwe mu baganiraga, undi atabizi. Ni yo mpamvu twirinze kwemeza ko amajwi yose yafashwe rwihishwa yemerwa cyangwa yangwa mu manza zose.

Icyitonderwa:* Iyi nkuru igamije gutanga amakuru rusange ku mategeko. Ntabwo isimbura inama y’umunyamategeko ku kibazo cyihariye. *