The Constitution of Kenya 2010 is celebrated as a transformative charter, and few provisions capture that ambition better than Article 10, which makes public participation a national value. Its promise was simple: state authority would no longer be exercised over citizens, but with them.
Public participation was meant to turn Kenyans from passive observers into active partners in governance.
Sixteen years after promulgation, that promise remains under strain. As we mark Katiba Day, public participation is firmly embedded in law but increasingly absent in practice. What was envisioned as a safeguard against executive and legislative overreach has too often become a procedural ritual rather than meaningful engagement.
Kenyan courts have repeatedly clarified that public participation must be real, meaningful and not cosmetic.
Citizens must receive reasonable notice, accessible information in plain language and a genuine opportunity to influence decisions. Public participation, the courts have stressed, is not the same as public notification.
The reality, however, tells a different story. Consultation periods are frequently compressed, while lengthy and technical policy documents are released only hours before public hearings. This leaves citizens with little time to understand proposals or prepare informed submissions. Even where memoranda are collected, there is often little evidence that public views shape the final legislation.
The result is compliance without influence. Authorities point to notices issued and meetings held as proof that constitutional requirements were met, but the impact of citizens’ contributions remains unclear.
This gap between constitutional promise and institutional practice has fuelled growing public distrust. As a consequence, courts have become the default arena for resolving disputes over public participation. Constitutional petitions challenging laws on procedural grounds are increasingly common.
That is an expensive and unsustainable model of democracy, signalling a breakdown of trust between the state and its citizens.
The proposed Public Participation Bill, 2025 offers an opportunity to establish clear standards across national and county governments. If the Constitution is to remain a living document, public participation must move beyond political optics and return to its original purpose: the genuine exercise of sovereign power by the people.
Without meaningful participation, consent becomes an illusion, and constitutional democracy is weakened.
Terry Moraa is a legal researcher and writer with significant interest in constitutional law
